Democracy Crisis in South-East Asia: Media Control, Censorship, and Disinformation during the 2019 Presidential and General Elections in Indonesia, Thailand and 2019 Local Election in the Philippines

South-East Asia is suffering a rapid deterioration of the free press and Freedom expression. According to last report in World 2021, few years, almost all Asian countries have experienced reduction expression, certain cases, their rights been restricted. What kind effects do media on public opinion? How can disinformation, censorship, control manipulate Is social promoting anti-democracy establishment? Does reduce democratic quality country by limiting its expression through control? This paper based desk-based research, where literature political history using has reviewed analyzed—with comparative analysis, focusing data available three interest: Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, taking study election 2019 those countries. As method, this conducts critical review with historical approach. found that analyzed utilized spread war propaganda, control. Borrowing from Gramscian theory hegemony, argues be used as theoretical framework examine rule opinion public.